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Early devices not research-based Although APS have been widely used in Japan and Sweden since the 1960s, the early development of APS in those countries was not, as far as these authors have been able to ascertain, based on research. Nor is there any research basis for the APS most commonly used in the U.S. today. Key early research The first substantial research on APS appears to have been done in 1976 by Frank Hulscher, an electrical engineer with the Department of Motor Transport, New South Wales, Australia. Hulscher's research was the basis for the well developed, fully standardized, and highly successful APS system in use in Australia today. Substantial research on APS in the U.S. began with a project undertaken by the San Diego Association of Governments in 1988. The results of this project were the basis for a policy of implementing standard signals at those intersections in San Diego where a city access committee recommended APS, following a systematic evaluation including use of a rating scale. Other research Other notable research has been conducted since 1980 in the U.S. and elsewhere that helps us understand:
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